科技之星

2013年8月1日星期四

科技要闻-新浪科技: LinkedIn发布第二季度财报：净利同比增32%

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

LinkedIn发布第二季度财报：净利同比增32%
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2013-08-02/06328598874.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 22:32

　　新浪科技讯北京时间8月2日凌晨消息，美国职业社交网站LinkedIn今天发布了2013财年第二季度财报。报告显示，LinkedIn第二季度营收为3.637亿美元，比去年同期的2.282亿美元增长59%；净利润为370万美元，比去年同期的280万美元增长32%。LinkedIn第二季度
　　业绩超出华尔街分析师此前预期，推动其盘后股价上涨逾6%。
　　在截至6月30日的这一财季，LinkedIn净利润为370万美元，每股收益3美分，这一业绩好于去年同期。2012财年第二季度，LinkedIn净利润为280万美元，每股收益3美分。不计入股权奖励支出及其他一次性项目(不按照美国通用会计准则)，LinkedIn第二季度净利润为
　　4450万美元，高于去年同期的1810万美元；每股收益38美分，高于去年同期的16美分，超出华尔街分析师此前预期。财经信息供应商FactSet Research调查显示，LinkedIn第二季度每股收益为31
　　LinkedIn第二季度营收为3.637亿美元，比去年同期的2.282亿美元增长59%，高于公司在5月份预期的3.42亿美元到3.47亿美元，也超出分析师此前预期。FactSet Research调查显示，LinkedIn第二季度营收为3.543亿美元。
　　LinkedIn第二季度调整后EBITDA(即未计入利息、税费、折旧和摊销前净利润)为8860万美元，在营收中所占比例为24%；去年同期调整后EBITDA为5040万美元，在营收中所占比例为22%。
　　按地区划分，LinkedIn第二季度来自于美国市场的营收为2.243亿美元，在总营收中所占比例为62%；来自于国际市场的营收为1.394亿美元，在总营收中所占比例为38%。
　　按销售渠道划分，LinkedIn第二季度来自于现场销售渠道的营收为2.092亿美元，在总营收中所占比例为58%；来自于网络直接销售渠道的营收为1.544亿美元，在总营收中所占比例为42%。
　　按产品部门划分，LinkedIn第二季度来自于聘用解决方案部门的营收为2.051亿美元，比去年同期增长69；在总营收中所占比例为56%，高于去年同期的53%。LinkedIn第二季度来自于营销解决方案部门的营收为8560万美元，比去年同期增长36%；在总营收中所占比例为24%，低于去年同期的28%。LinkedIn第二季度来自于付费订阅部门的营收为7300万美元，比去年同期增长68%；在总营收中所占比例为20%，高于去年同期的19%。
　　LinkedIn预计，2013财年第三季度营收为3.67亿美元到3.73亿美元，调整后EBITDA为8100万美元到8300万美元，股权奖励支出为4900万美元到5100万美元，折旧和摊销支出为3800万美元到到4000万美元。FactSet Research调查显示，分析师平均预期LinkedIn第三季度营收3.839亿美元。
　　LinkedIn还预计，2013财年营收为14.55亿美元到14.75亿美元，高于此前预期的14.30亿美元到14.60亿美元；调整后EBITDA为3.40亿美元到3.55亿美元，高于此前预期的3.30亿美元到3.45亿美元；股权奖励支出为1.83亿美元到1.88亿美元，低于此前预期的1.90亿美元到1.95亿美元；折旧和摊销支出为1.35亿美元到1.40亿美元，高于此前预期的1.30亿美元到1.35亿美元。
　　LinkedIn是全球最大的职业社交网站，公司成立于2002年12月，并于2003年正式启动。2011年5月，LinkedIn正式登陆纽约证券交易所。
　　当日，LinkedIn股价在纽约证券交易所常规交易中上涨9.21美元，报收于213.00美元，涨幅为4.52%。在随后截至美国东部时间17:13(北京时间2日5:13)为止的盘后交易中，LinkedIn股价再度上涨13.50美元，至226.50美元，涨幅为6.34%。过去52周，LinkedIn最高价为213.48美元，最低价为91.67美元。(唐风)
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: USB联盟宣布3.1标准速率可达10Gbps

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

USB联盟宣布3.1标准速率可达10Gbps
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/04/958D0CPN000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 04:20

网易科技讯 8月2日消息，据外媒AllThingsD报道，USB联盟周四宣布，该组织已完成USB 3.1标准的制定。新标准将最高支持10Gbps的传输速率，较当前3.0标准的5Gbps，性能提升一倍。
USB 3.1标准在数据传输速度上已可媲美当前英特尔Thunderbolt（雷电）接口，不过后者已计划推出下一代标准，传输速率将可达到20Gbps。（卢鑫）

本文来源：网易科技报道
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: 环保NGO发布报告:富士康和鼎新电子涉嫌违规排污

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

环保NGO发布报告:富士康和鼎新电子涉嫌违规排污
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/04/958DMA86000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 04:32

8月1日，绿色江南、公众环境研究中心、自然之友、环友科技和自然大学五家环保组织共同发布《谁在污染太湖流域？》调研报告。
"调研结果发现，富士康、鼎鑫电子涉嫌污染排放，给太湖流域昆山地区的皇仓泾河和娄下河造成严重污染，这些河流中的底泥重金属严重超标。" 绿色江南负责人方应军在调研报告发布会上表示，这些污染最终可能影响流域内的环境和公众健康。
公众环境研究中心主任马军表示，"太湖流域的污染控制事关千万人口的饮水安全，环境主管部门应加大对流域内IT电子行业污染排放的监管力度，全球主要IT品牌也应与本地利益方合作，推动供应链的污染减排。"
本报获悉，该报告为太湖流域污染调查报告之一，接下来前述五家环保组织还会继续做该区域的调查。
资料显示，太湖是我国第三大淡水湖，流域内养育了三千多万人口，支撑了中国最有活力的经济中心。但太湖流域内水污染形势依然严峻，根据《2011年度太湖流域及东南诸河水资源公报》，全年期水功能区水质达标率仅为14.2%；其中河流达标率15.3%；湖泊达标率仅为1.1%。
底泥重金属严重超标
调研报告指出，在太湖流域的诸多产业中，IT电子产业被认为是高科技产业，是太湖流域多地竞相发展的目标。但IT电子产品的生产加工过程，也存在消耗大量资源和排放大量污染物的环节。例如在IT产品不可或缺的印刷电路板生产中，其电镀、蚀刻等工序会消耗大量水资源，并产生铜、镍等金属排放。
"本次调研主要以昆山地区的IT电子产品加工企业废水污染为主。昆山属长江三角洲太湖平原，境内河网纵横，湖泊星罗棋布。与本次调研密切相关的河道有：皇仓泾河、汉浦塘、娄下河、同心河。"方应军介绍。
位于皇仓泾河两岸的富士康科技集团苏州区的两个厂区之间有条内河，内河的西端为富士康泵站，通向皇仓泾河。方应军称，调查发现，厂区废水排入内河，并每日通过泵站排向皇仓泾河。所排废水味道刺鼻，水体发黑，泡沫浓厚。
"现场取样底泥，送由第三方检测公司澳实分析检测有限公司检测，结果显示：镍2060mg/kg，铜532mg/kg，铬175mg/kg。"方应军介绍，由于中国尚无水体泥沙的质量标准，因此参照美国国家海洋大气管理局（NO
AA）水体泥沙质量标准发现，底泥中镍含量超过NOAA泥沙质量标准 ERM限值（ERM代表可能产生毒性影响为中）近40倍，铜含量超过NOAA泥沙质量标准 ERM限值近2倍，铬含量超过背景值II级，属于重金属富集的状况。
同时，在娄下河现场取样底泥的检测结果显示，底泥中的铜含量高达21600毫克/公斤，镍含量高达797 毫克/公斤，分别超出NOAA泥沙质量标准ERM限值80倍和15倍。
根据调研报告，娄下河两岸共分布着四家企业，其中印刷电路板的生产企业鼎鑫电子和圆裕电子，其特征污染物正是铜和镍。其中鼎鑫电子因规模巨大，其2010年危险废物产生量在全昆山市企业中名列第二位，而成为调查重点，多次调研后最终发现该企业有通往河底的排污暗管。
流域监管力度应加强
本报获悉，就上述问题，绿色江南于7月15日和16日，分别致信富士康科技集团和鼎鑫电子等，希望企业能够作出公开说明，两家企业拒绝接收，后传真、Email后也没有任何回应。

方应军介绍，在发现鼎鑫电子疑似为手机品牌HTC的供应商之后，绿色江南为此向HTC发出环保提示信，但HTC收到信件后没有任何回应。
"我们呼吁当地环境主管部门加大对太湖流域内IT电子行业的监管力度，遏制企业的超标超总量排放，推动污染者清理被严重污染的水体。"马军表示，建议江苏环保厅和苏州环保局依照国务院办公厅新近印发的《当前政府信息公开重点工作安排》和环保部《关于加强污染源环境监管信息公开工作的通知》要求，扩大污染源监管信息的公开，最终实现监管信息、在线监测、排放数据和环评信息的全面公开。
报告还建议，像富士康这样全球知名的制造业品牌，应严格遵守环保法规，大力减排，清理造成的污染，承担起企业环境责任。
本文来源：21世纪经济报道
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: 苏宁云商双线同价效益初显半年业绩增加17.51%

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

苏宁云商双线同价效益初显半年业绩增加17.51%
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/04/958DSP9T000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 04:36

苏宁云商（002024.SZ）最新公布的预报显示：公司报告期内苏宁云商营业总收入为554.54亿元，比上年同期增长约17.51%；但归属于上市公司股东的净利润只有7.33亿元，较去年同期下滑58.24%。
"2013年上半年公司全面转型云商发展模式，一季度完成组织架构调整，形成了贯穿线上线下一体化的组织及流程；二季度持续优化开放平台功能、完善重点品类 SKU 丰富度，并迈出云商模式关键的一步，实施'线上线下同价'。随着线下连锁平台与线上业务的融合，以及为有效提升销售加大促销推广力度，对公司毛利率水平带来了影响。"苏宁方面对于双线同价战略如此评价道。
在外界看来，6月初开始的双线同价似乎只是进一步加重了苏宁目前"增量不增利润"的尴尬。面对国美、京东商城等大体量对手的咄咄逼人，以利润降低为代价的价格战苏宁还会奉陪多久？
"如今的竞争态势中，苏宁在线上的劣势主要集中在客户体验及客户储备。双线同价不彻底、物流与客服经常受到消费者投诉的情况还未根除，差距仍旧不小。另一方面，天猫与易迅分别有淘宝和腾讯QQ原有的线上用户储备。如果没能在用户体验上和一些比较成熟的电商尽快达到一致，用户黏性和随之而来的活跃用户增量将成为其一大难题。"一位电商行业资深人士告诉记者。
2013年上半年，苏宁电子商务业务实现商品主营销售收入 106.13亿元，同比增长101%，依靠线下实体店的口碑带动线上快速增长的预期并未得到太出色的回报。由于苏宁易购本身体量不算大，若扣除收购而来的红孩子销售贡献，自身电商增速并不理想。而相比之下，老对手京东今年第一季度的大家电销售额同比增长155%，较上年同期增长了22个百分点。
苏宁云商副董事长孙为民就表示，实行线上线下同价以后，店面毛利率的确会出现阶段性下降，但绝不是大幅度的下滑。"即使毛利率下降，对整体利润的影响不一定是简单的下降。"

为保持单店业绩健康，苏宁在报告期内的门店治理已颇见力度。过去半年里，苏宁在大陆地区新开连锁店面28家，关闭/置换连锁店面120家。至此，公司在大陆、香港地区、日本市场拥有连锁店面共计1614家，其中在大陆连锁店面数占到了1572家。
对此，群策证券方面预计"苏宁转型阵痛仍将持续"。"6月初公司全面推行线上线下同价,但目前线上的毛利基本都在个位数,仍然普遍低于线下5%-10%。如果严格推行同品同价,虽然将提高公司的门店营业额,但会继续拉低整体毛利。公司今明两年净利润仍将有较大幅度的下滑，预计公司2013和2014年将实现净利润10.9亿元和6.6亿元，分别同比减少59.3%和39.4%。"
本文来源：21世纪经济报道
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科技要闻-新浪科技: 摄影师最爱全画幅尼康D800单机售16900

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

摄影师最爱全画幅尼康D800单机售16900
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/digi/dc/2013-08-02/05182778472.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 21:18

　　【北京行情】如今从事专业摄影工作的人士以及众多摄影发烧友使用最多的便是全画幅单反，其中尼康D800(资料报价图片论坛)以其3630万像素捕获众多消费者的心。它配备目前135单反当中最高像素3630万CMOS传感器。今天笔者从经销商处了解到这款尼康D800单机价格有所下调，售16900元(带票)，送32GB存储卡、摄影包、读卡器和三脚架。
点击图片查看尼康D800详细资料

点击图片查看尼康D800详细资料
点击图片查看尼康D800详细资料
　　编辑观点：
　　尼康D800震撼3630万像素结合所搭载的EXPEED 3图像处理器，令画质极其出色。具备51点对焦系统，拥有高达20万次的快门寿命，支持CF/SD卡双存储功能。
　　尼康 D800
　　[参考价格] 16900元
　　[联系方式] 010-82538739
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科技要闻-新浪科技: 中国概念股周四收盘多数上涨人人公司涨19%

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

中国概念股周四收盘多数上涨人人公司涨19%
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2013-08-02/04208598663.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 20:20

中国概念股周四收盘情况
　　新浪科技讯北京时间8月2日凌晨消息，周四美国股市收高，标普500指数首次突破1700点整数关口。美联储昨日表示将继续实行刺激政策。美国上周首次申领失业金人数降至5年新低，7月ISM指数升至近两年新高。中国概念股周四收盘多数上涨，人人大涨19.07%，携程涨幅也达18.69%。
　　美东时间8月1日16:00(北京时间8月2日04:00)，道琼斯(15628.02,128.48,0.83%)工业平均指数上涨128.48点，收于15,628.02点，涨幅为0.83%；纳斯达克[微博](3675.74,49.37,1.36%)综合指数上涨49.37点，收于3,675.74点，涨幅为1.36%；标准普尔500指数上涨21.14点，收于1,706.87点，涨幅为1.25%。
　　中国概念股周四收盘多数上涨，5支股票涨幅超过8%，人人公司涨19.07,携程网涨18.69%，正保远程教育涨13.41%，艺龙涨12.3%，淘米涨10.15%，麦考林涨8.78%；3支股票跌幅超4%，盛大游戏跌5.53%，华视传媒跌4.52%，欢聚时代跌4,29%。
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Re-learning how to see: Researchers find crucial on-off switch in visual development

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries in astronomy, anthropology, biology, chemistry, climate and environment, computers, engineering, health and medicine, math, physics, psychology, technology, and more -- from the world's leading universities and research organizations.

Re-learning how to see: Researchers find crucial on-off switch in visual development
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/eslKTWlrvIM/130801155738.htm
Aug 1st 2013, 19:57

Aug. 1, 2013 — A new discovery by a University of Maryland-led research team offers hope for treating "lazy eye" and other serious visual problems that are usually permanent unless they are corrected in early childhood.
Amblyopia afflicts about three percent of the population, and is a widespread cause of vision loss in children. It occurs when both eyes are structurally normal, but mismatched -- either misaligned, or differently focused, or unequally receptive to visual stimuli because of an obstruction such as a cataract in one eye.
During the so-called "critical period" when a young child's brain is adapting very quickly to new experiences, the brain builds a powerful neural network connecting the stronger eye to the visual cortex. But the weaker eye gets less stimulation and develops fewer synapses, or points of connection between neurons. Over time the brain learns to ignore the weaker eye. Mild forms of amblyopia such as "lazy eye" result in problems with depth perception. In the most severe form, deprivation amblyopia, a cataract blocks light and starves the eye of visual experiences, significantly altering synaptic development and seriously impairing vision.
Because brain plasticity declines rapidly with age, early diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia is vital, said neuroscientist Elizabeth M. Quinlan, an associate professor of biology at UMD. If the underlying cause of amblyopia is resolved early enough, the child's vision can recover to normal levels. But if the treatment comes after the end of the critical period and the loss of synaptic plasticity, the brain cannot relearn to see with the weaker eye.
"If a child is born with a cataract and it is not removed very early in life, very little can be done to improve vision," Quinlan said. "The severe amblyopia that results is the most difficult to treat. For that reason, science has the most to gain by a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms."
Quinlan, who specializes in studying how communication through the brain's circuits changes over the course of a lifetime, wanted to find out what process controls the timing of the critical period of synaptic plasticity. If researchers could find the neurological on-off switch for the critical period, she reasoned, clinicians could use the information to successfully treat older children and adults.
Researchers in Quinlan's University of Maryland lab teamed up with the laboratory of Alfredo Kirkwood at Johns Hopkins University to address two questions: What are the age boundaries of the critical period for synaptic plasticity, when it comes to determining eye dominance? And what developmental processes are involved?
Experiments in rodents suggested the timing of the critical period is controlled by a specific class of inhibitory neurons, which come into play after a visual stimulus activates excitatory neurons that link the eye to the visual cortex. The inhibitory neurons act as signal controllers, affecting the interactions between excitatory neurons and synapses.
"The generally accepted view has been that as the inhibitory neurons develop, synaptic plasticity declines, which was thought to occur at about five weeks of age in rodents," roughly equivalent to five years of age in humans, Quinlan said. But in earlier experiments, Quinlan and Kirkwood found no correlation between the development of these inhibitory neurons and the loss of plasticity. In fact, they found the visual circuitry in rodents was highly adaptable at ages beyond five weeks.
In their latest research the UMD-led team looked "one synapse upstream from these inhibitory neurons," Quinlan said, studying the control of that synapse by a protein called NARP (Neuronal Activity-Regulated Pentraxin). Working with two sets of mice -- one group genetically similar to wild mice and another that lacked the NARP gene -- the researchers covered one eye in each animal to simulate conditions that produce amblyopia.
The mice that were genetically similar to wild mice developed amblyopia, with characteristic dominance of the normal eye over the deprived eye. But the mice that lacked NARP did not develop amblyopia, regardless of age or the length of time one eye was deprived of stimulation.
The study, published in the current issue of the peer-reviewed journal Neuron, demonstrated that only one specific class of synapses was affected by the absence of NARP. Without NARP, the mice simply had no critical period in which the brain circuitry was weakened in response to the impaired blocking vision in one eye, Quinlan said. Except for the lack of this plasticity, their vision was normal.
"It's remarkable how specific the deficit is," Quinlan said. Without the NARP protein, "these animals develop normal vision. Their brain circuitry just isn't plastic. We can completely turn off the critical period for plasticity by knocking out this protein."
Since there are indications that NARP levels vary with age, the discovery raises hope that a treatment targeting NARP levels in humans could allow correction of amblyopia late in life, without affecting other aspects of vision.
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: New type of protein modification may play a role in cancer and diabetes

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries in astronomy, anthropology, biology, chemistry, climate and environment, computers, engineering, health and medicine, math, physics, psychology, technology, and more -- from the world's leading universities and research organizations.

New type of protein modification may play a role in cancer and diabetes
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/uS0ZTQj2ye0/130801155716.htm
Aug 1st 2013, 19:57

Aug. 1, 2013 — Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have discovered a new type of chemical modification that affects numerous proteins within mammalian cells. The modification appears to work as a regulator of important cellular processes including the metabolism of glucose. Further study of this modification could provide insights into the causes of diabetes, cancer and other disorders.
"It appears to be an intrinsic feedback mechanism in glucose metabolism, but I suspect that its other functions throughout the cell will prove at least as interesting when they are more fully elucidated," said Benjamin F. Cravatt, chair of the Department of Chemical Physiology and member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Physiology at TSRI.
Cravatt and his postdoctoral fellow Raymond E. Moellering reported the finding in the August 2, 2013 issue of the journal Science.
In Search of New Protein Modifiers
The Cravatt laboratory has long studied the natural chemical modifications that can change the functions of proteins "on the fly," switching their biological activities on or off or otherwise altering them. The better known of these modifications include phosphorylation, the addition of a small molecule known as a phosphate group, and acetylation, the addition of an acetyl group.
In search of new protein modifiers, Cravatt and Moellering, whose postdoctoral fellowship is sponsored in part by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, decided to investigate a small molecule known as 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). The molecule's chemical makeup suggested that it might readily react with some proteins to form semipermanent, function-altering modifications. 1,3-BPG is one of the main "intermediate" molecules produced during glycolysis, which is a core metabolic pathway that converts glucose to cellular fuel.
"1,3-BPG's intrinsic reactivity seemed odd to us, considering that it is such a central metabolite," remembered Moellering.
Moellering's initial test-tube experiments showed that 1,3-BPG does indeed react with certain lysine amino acids to modify GAPDH, the enzyme that mediates the production of 1,3-BPG. "That gave us the first indication that this reaction does happen, and that we should therefore start looking for it in cells," he said.
A Role in Glucose Metabolism
After devising new methods to detect this unique lysine modification in human cell cultures, Moellering soon found it -- on other glucose-metabolizing enzymes, as well as on proteins seemingly unrelated to glucose metabolism.
"With every step we took, the project became more interesting, because we were finding signs that this reaction occurs frequently in cells and in animal tissues, and in unexpected cellular locations, too," Moellering said.
He detected the signature of the new lysine modification not only on proteins in the main volume of the cell (the cytosol), but also in the DNA-containing cell nucleus and even on the cell's membrane compartments.
"It appears that wherever GAPDH goes within cells, it is capable of catalyzing the localized production of 1,3-BPG, which in turn reacts with nearby proteins to modify their structure and function," said Cravatt.
Moellering found that when 1,3-BPG's lysine modification occurs on glucose-metabolizing enzymes, it tends to inhibit their activities, causing a slowdown of central glucose processing and a consequent buildup of certain glucose metabolites in the processing pathway. Moellering and Cravatt suspect that these overabundant metabolites may end up being shunted into other cellular processes besides basic fuel-making -- processes that contribute to the synthesis of new molecules and even cell proliferation.
Moellering also discovered that 1,3-BPG and the modification it makes on proteins become more prevalent as glucose levels rise. Within the context of glucose metabolism, 1,3-BPG's modification thus seems to act as a "very old, maybe ancient feedback mechanism for regulating that central metabolic pathway," Moellering said.
Looking Ahead
The abnormal processing of glucose within cells features in a number of major diseases including cancer and diabetes. "Cancer cells, for example, bring in as much as 20 times more glucose than non-cancerous cells of the same type," Moellering noted. He now wants to find out whether 1,3-BPG is part of the problem in such cells. At abnormally high levels, it conceivably could help force glucose metabolism toward the runaway cell proliferation that is a hallmark of cancer.
Cravatt and Moellering also want to learn more about what 1,3-BPG's lysine modification does in the nuclei and membrane compartments of cells, where they found evidence of it. "We suspect that it works to connect glucose metabolism to other pathways, perhaps as a kind of signaling mechanism," said Moellering.
Already Moellering has uncovered evidence that there are enzymes that work to reverse 1,3-BPG's modification of lysines -- which underscores the likelihood that this modification represents a fundamental, dynamic mechanism in cells. "We'd like to discover which enzymes catalyze the removal of the modification," said Cravatt, "because then, in principle, we could use inhibitors of these enzymes to control the levels of the modification and get a better understanding of its biological functions as well as the conditions under which it occurs."
Funding for the study, "Functional Lysine Modification by an Intrinsically Reactive Primary Glycolytic Metabolite," was provided by the National Institutes of Health (CA087660), the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at TSRI and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation.
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Blocking key enzyme in cancer cells could lead to new therapy

科技要闻-新浪科技: 联通微信沃卡8月8日首销预计高校易普及

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

联通微信沃卡8月8日首销预计高校易普及
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/t/2013-08-02/04198598622.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 20:19

　　8月2日消息，广东联通与腾讯合作推出的"微信沃卡"近日终于揭开了神秘面纱，对即将于8月5日在易迅网预订8日首销的微信沃卡，业内预计，微信沃卡适合高校学生、白领等，由于高校新年开学在即，预计微信沃卡率先在高校学生中普及。
　　微信沃卡备受校园用户期待
　　近年来，校园市场大部分使用短信的学生已经越来越少，越来越多的人都在使用微信，并已成为学生们日常使用最多的应用之一。运营商传统语音业务因受微信等OTT应用冲击导致其收入下滑掀起的波澜充分印证了用户使用习惯的转移。
　　微信沃卡包含了群组特权、表情特权、支付特权、流量特权和游戏5种特权。在校园用户对微信使用依赖性日渐变强的情况下，这一产品充分满足了他们的使用需求。
　　据了解，微信沃卡将于8月5日在易迅网上进行预订，8日正式发售。对大部分校园用户来说，微信沃卡在发布之日便引发了他们的强烈关注。针对即将迎来的首销，有不少校园用户指出，微信沃卡最大的特点是可以让我们以更低的资费使用微信，从而节省流量费，并且专属的微信特权也着实富有吸引力，微信沃卡创新、亲和、时尚、混搭的特点更是值得期待。
　　事实上，高校市场具有新开卡用户比例高、投入产出比高、捆绑效应明显等特征，一直是运营商的兵家必争之地。每年的暑期，正是运营商各出手段，全力争夺校园用户的重要时点。
　　分析人士认为，"微信沃卡"能深入校园用户，是因为学生愿意接受新鲜事物，微信重度用户多，对流量资费敏感。另一方面，原有资费套餐已逐渐不能适应学生的使用习惯，也成了校园用户使用短信越来越少的原因之一。由于微信沃卡的目标市场和潜在用户的需求巨大，在高校迎新市场，微信沃卡的推出已为联通本季校园用户争夺赢得了先机增加了筹码。
　　未来特权功能仍充满想象
　　作为世界上第一款由运营商深度定制的OTT合作产品，微信沃卡不仅是一张电话卡，还配备了五大专属特权，不仅局限流量优惠，还将专享群组、表情、支付、游戏特权，群组人数上限从40人升级至60人；独享专属表情；不仅提供官微充值，还享专属98.5%的折扣优惠；拥有超值流量优惠，享受10元包300M微信定向流量，同时在促销期内，每月再加送200M的微信定向流量；还将陆续上线更多游戏优惠。
　据悉，未来双方还可能为微信沃卡用户提供"国际特权"、" 情侣特权"、" 亲情特权"、" 宽带特权"、" 音乐特权"和"高清特权"等。在为用户提供更多方便和优惠的同时，探索运营商和OTT服务商之间更多可能的合作方式。这意味着，早期办理微信沃卡的用户，在这些个性化服务尚未推出之时，便已获得了享受更多特权服务的先机。（童锤）
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: 评论：3D打印是否会伤害艺术

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

评论：3D打印是否会伤害艺术
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/03/9589034C000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 03:10

刚刚落幕的上海国际印刷周，一家公司利用3D打印技术复制紫砂壶等名家工艺品，其精确程度令人吃惊。有网友认为，3D打印技术使更多人接触到艺术，是对艺术的良好推广和保护；与此同时，也有人担心，高科技使赝品横行，大量复制品会破坏艺术的原创精神。那么，孰是孰非？
支持
今夜无眠：仅仅需要几个小时或一天就可以复制一件艺术品，多么方便。批量化地生产艺术品能使更多人接触到艺术，更利于艺术的传播！
小夜向前冲：3D打印并没有对艺术造成冲击，打印的只是外形，而材料配方、制作工艺及风格神韵是复制不了的！复制品永远只能尾随原创作品，但复制品永远没有风格。
山泉农夫：如果艺术品实现3D打印复制的话，会对文物带来更多的保护，这本身是非常好的事儿。为了留存这些古老艺术,3D打印技术在壁画还原等有大量的应用价值。3D打印出的复制品也可以作为博物馆里文物的替代品予以展出，避免真品遭受意外伤害。
反对
黑色马甲：科技手段令高科技造假变得更加便利，以后艺术品交易市场要小心了，说不定一不小心就会买到一款逼真的3D打印赝品！所以为了保证市场的纯洁，还是不要弄3D打印了吧。

小丸子：创作、展览都追求科技的新鲜，并不注重艺术的感染力和审美内涵，艺术迟早会遭到破坏。过度崇拜和滥用科技,有可能会形式大于内容，属于艺术本身的想像力和创造力也随着复制而消失了。
建议
技术控：3D打印未来要向个性定制发展，通过3D打印机与远程对接，形成艺术品定制行为，顾客可以购买设计图，之后自行打印，既能保证艺术品的独一无二，还能大幅度减少运费。
蚊香闻香：新科技给艺术市场带来变革，同时也会带来新的艺术标准与规范。可以在艺术品市场针对3D打印制定一些规范，如鼓励艺术品复制品上留下标记，在流通、展览上与原创艺术品区别开等，这些都可以使艺术品在科技环境下免遭"伤害"。
北京商报记者卢扬实习记者杜宏睿
本文来源：北京商报
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: 苹果整治iMessage垃圾信息泛滥

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

苹果整治iMessage垃圾信息泛滥
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/03/9588IT87000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 03:03

北京商报讯（记者曲忠芳）备受iPhone用户困扰的iMessage垃圾信息泛滥问题终于引起了苹果的重视，北京商报记者昨日获悉，苹果推出了垃圾信息举报功能，用户可将收到的垃圾信息截图发送至专属电子邮箱进行举报。

据悉，用户在收到垃圾信息时，需对垃圾信息所来自的邮箱或手机号码、时间、日期及内容进行截图发送到imessage.spam@icloud.com进行举报。同时，为整顿iMessage垃圾短信，苹果还在新一代操作系统iOS 7中新增了iMessage黑名单功能。
有观察人士分析，苹果用户对iMessage垃圾短信的抱怨已久，几乎大多数用户至少每天都会收到一条垃圾信息。然而此次驱使苹果终于出重拳治理，主要原因在于此前不久，有黑客利用iMessage漏洞设计了AppleScript脚本，对用户进行高频率垃圾信息发送，最终导致系统崩溃。
一直以来，由于iMessage的免费特点，再加上iMessage并不限制信息发送的间隔时间等，许多广告营销商看准了这一信息推广平台，大肆向用户发送广告，由此苹果iMessage也就成为垃圾短信的重灾区。
本文来源：北京商报
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Advance in regenerative medicine could make reprogrammed cells safer while improving their function

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Cool heads likely won't prevail in a hotter, wetter world

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries in astronomy, anthropology, biology, chemistry, climate and environment, computers, engineering, health and medicine, math, physics, psychology, technology, and more -- from the world's leading universities and research organizations.

Cool heads likely won't prevail in a hotter, wetter world
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/zujPWL3OP2c/130801142422.htm
Aug 1st 2013, 18:24

Aug. 1, 2013 — Should climate change trigger the upsurge in heat and rainfall that scientists predict, people may face a threat just as perilous and volatile as extreme weather -- each other.
Researchers from Princeton University and the University of California-Berkeley report in the journal Science that even slight spikes in temperature and precipitation have greatly increased the risk of personal violence and social upheaval throughout human history. Projected onto an Earth that is expected to warm by 2 degrees Celsius by 2050, the authors suggest that more human conflict is a likely outcome of climate change.
The researchers analyzed 60 studies from a number of disciplines -- including archaeology, criminology, economics and psychology -- that have explored the connection between weather and violence in various parts of the world from about 10,000 BCE to the present day. During an 18-month period, the Princeton-Berkeley researchers reviewed those studies' data -- and often re-crunched raw numbers -- to calculate the risk that violence would rise under hotter and wetter conditions.
They found that while climate is not the sole or primary cause of violence, it undeniably exacerbates existing social and interpersonal tension in all societies, regardless of wealth or stability. They found that 1 standard-deviation shift -- the amount of change from the local norm -- in heat or rainfall boosts the risk of a riot, civil war or ethnic conflict by an average of 14 percent. There is a 4 percent chance of a similarly sized upward creep in heat or rain sparking person-on-person violence such as rape, murder and assault. The researchers report that climate-change models predict an average of 2 to 4 standard-deviation shifts in global climate conditions by 2050.
Establishing a correlation between violence and climate change now allows policymakers and researchers to examine what causes it and how to intervene, said lead author Solomon Hsiang, who conducted the work as a postdoctoral research associate in the Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy in Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
"We think that by collecting all the research together now, we're pretty clearly establishing that there is a causal relationship between the climate and human conflict," Hsiang said. "People have been skeptical up to now of an individual study here or there. But considering the body of work together, we can now show that these patterns are extremely general. It's more of the rule than the exception.
"Whether there is a relationship between climate and conflict is not the question anymore. We now want to understand what's causing it," Hsiang said. "Once we understand what causes this correlation we can think about designing effective policies or institutions to manage or interrupt the link between climate and conflict."
The existing research had essentially shown an overall link between climate conditions and these conflicts, but that link needed to be extracted from reams of figures from various disciplines in order for the research to reach general conclusions, Hsiang said. Hsiang, who is now an assistant professor at Berkeley's Goldman School of Public Policy, worked with co-first author Marshall Burke, a doctoral candidate in Berkeley's Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, and Edward Miguel, the Oxfam Professor of Environmental and Resource Economics at Berkeley.
"We attained a huge amount of the data that was available and we used the same method on all of the data so that we could directly compare studies," Hsiang said. "Once we did that, we saw that all of the results were actually highly consistent -- previously they just weren't being analyzed in a consistent way."
The researchers examined three categories of conflict: "personal violence and crime," which includes murder, assault, rape and domestic violence; "intergroup violence and political instability," such as civil wars, riots, ethnic violence and land invasions; and "institutional breakdowns," which are abrupt and major changes in governing institutions or, in extreme cases, the collapse of entire civilizations.
Extreme climatic conditions amplified violence in all three categories, regardless of geography, societal wealth or the time in history. An aberrant climate coincided with incidents including spikes in domestic violence in India and Australia; increased assaults and murders in the United States and Tanzania; ethnic violence in Europe and South Asia; land invasions in Brazil; police using force in the Netherlands; civil conflicts throughout the tropics; the collapse of ancient empires; and wars and displacement in Middle-Ages Europe.
"We find the same pattern over and over again, regardless of whether we look at data from Brazil, Somalia, China or the United States," Miguel said. "We often think of modern society as largely independent of the environment, due to technological advances, but our findings challenge that notion. The climate appears to be a critical factor sustaining peace and wellbeing across human societies."
And the climate does not have to deviate much to upset that peace and wellbeing, Burke said. The 1 standard-deviation shift he and his co-authors uncovered equates to a seemingly paltry change in weather: it's roughly equal to warming an African country by 0.35°C, or by 0.63°F, for an entire year, or warming a county in the United States by 2.9°C, or by 5.2°F, for a given month.
"These are pretty moderate changes, but they have a sizable impact on those societies," Burke said. Many global climate models project global temperature increases of at least 2 degrees Celsius over the next several decades, which, when combined with the Princeton-Berkeley findings, suggest that warming at that level could increase the risk of civil war in many countries by more than 50 percent, the researchers said.
The factors that interact with climate to produce chaos and discord are varied. A popular theory is that drought and flooding cripple an economy, especially one based on agriculture or that is already weak. When people look for someone to blame, governmental leaders have a target on their backs, as do any people with whom there is existing tension, such as an ethnic minority or a migrant group from stricken hinterlands.
But sometimes heat just makes people more aggressive. The researchers found that personal violence was far more influenced by a leap in temperature. Hsiang and his colleagues cite studies that equate excessive heat with spikes of violence in the United States and other stable, wealthy countries. For example, a 1994 study found that two groups of police officers undergoing the exact same simulation training were more likely to draw their weapons if the room was uncomfortably warm.
"There's a large amount of evidence that environmental conditions actually change a person's perception of their own condition, or they also can change the likelihood of people using violence or aggressive action to accomplish some goal," Hsiang said.
"Our study is not saying that climate is the only cause of conflict, and there's no conflict that we think should be wholly attributed to some specific climatic event," he said. "Every conflict has roots in interpersonal and intergroup relations. What we're trying to point out is that climate is one of the critical factors the affect how things escalate, and if they escalate to the point of violence."
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Climate change occurring ten times faster than at any time in past 65 million years

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries in astronomy, anthropology, biology, chemistry, climate and environment, computers, engineering, health and medicine, math, physics, psychology, technology, and more -- from the world's leading universities and research organizations.

Climate change occurring ten times faster than at any time in past 65 million years
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/msgfESCA0pw/130801142420.htm
Aug 1st 2013, 18:24

Aug. 1, 2013 — The planet is undergoing one of the largest changes in climate since the dinosaurs went extinct. But what might be even more troubling for humans, plants and animals is the speed of the change. Stanford climate scientists warn that the likely rate of change over the next century will be at least 10 times quicker than any climate shift in the past 65 million years.
If the trend continues at its current rapid pace, it will place significant stress on terrestrial ecosystems around the world, and many species will need to make behavioral, evolutionary or geographic adaptations to survive.
Although some of the changes the planet will experience in the next few decades are already "baked into the system," how different the climate looks at the end of the 21st century will depend largely on how humans respond.
The findings come from a review of climate research by Noah Diffenbaugh, an associate professor of environmental Earth system science, and Chris Field, a professor of biology and of environmental Earth system science and the director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution. The work is part of a special report on climate change in the current issue of Science.
Diffenbaugh and Field, both senior fellows at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, conducted the targeted but broad review of scientific literature on aspects of climate change that can affect ecosystems, and investigated how recent observations and projections for the next century compare to past events in Earth's history.
For instance, the planet experienced a 5 degree Celsius hike in temperature 20,000 years ago, as Earth emerged from the last ice age. This is a change comparable to the high-end of the projections for warming over the 20th and 21st centuries.
The geologic record shows that, 20,000 years ago, as the ice sheet that covered much of North America receded northward, plants and animals recolonized areas that had been under ice. As the climate continued to warm, those plants and animals moved northward, to cooler climes.
"We know from past changes that ecosystems have responded to a few degrees of global temperature change over thousands of years," said Diffenbaugh. "But the unprecedented trajectory that we're on now is forcing that change to occur over decades. That's orders of magnitude faster, and we're already seeing that some species are challenged by that rate of change."
Some of the strongest evidence for how the global climate system responds to high levels of carbon dioxide comes from paleoclimate studies. Fifty-five million years ago, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was elevated to a level comparable to today. The Arctic Ocean did not have ice in the summer, and nearby land was warm enough to support alligators and palm trees.
"There are two key differences for ecosystems in the coming decades compared with the geologic past," Diffenbaugh said. "One is the rapid pace of modern climate change. The other is that today there are multiple human stressors that were not present 55 million years ago, such as urbanization and air and water pollution."
Record-setting heat
Diffenbaugh and Field also reviewed results from two-dozen climate models to describe possible climate outcomes from present day to the end of the century. In general, extreme weather events, such as heat waves and heavy rainfall, are expected to become more severe and more frequent.
For example, the researchers note that, with continued emissions of greenhouse gases at the high end of the scenarios, annual temperatures over North America, Europe and East Asia will increase 2-4 degrees C by 2046-2065. With that amount of warming, the hottest summer of the last 20 years is expected to occur every other year, or even more frequently.
By the end of the century, should the current emissions of greenhouse gases remain unchecked, temperatures over the northern hemisphere will tip 5-6 degrees C warmer than today's averages. In this case, the hottest summer of the last 20 years becomes the new annual norm.
"It's not easy to intuit the exact impact from annual temperatures warming by 6 C," Diffenbaugh said. "But this would present a novel climate for most land areas. Given the impacts those kinds of seasons currently have on terrestrial forests, agriculture and human health, we'll likely see substantial stress from severely hot conditions."
The scientists also projected the velocity of climate change, defined as the distance per year that species of plants and animals would need to migrate to live in annual temperatures similar to current conditions. Around the world, including much of the United States, species face needing to move toward the poles or higher in the mountains by at least one kilometer per year. Many parts of the world face much larger changes.
The human element
Some climate changes will be unavoidable, because humans have already emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the atmosphere and oceans have already been heated.
"There is already some inertia in place," Diffenbaugh said. "If every new power plant or factory in the world produced zero emissions, we'd still see impact from the existing infrastructure, and from gases already released."
The more dramatic changes that could occur by the end of the century, however, are not written in stone. There are many human variables at play that could slow the pace and magnitude of change -- or accelerate it.
Consider the 2.5 billion people who lack access to modern energy resources. This energy poverty means they lack fundamental benefits for illumination, cooking and transportation, and they're more susceptible to extreme weather disasters. Increased energy access will improve their quality of life -- and in some cases their chances of survival -- but will increase global energy consumption and possibly hasten warming.
Diffenbaugh said that the range of climate projections offered in the report can inform decision-makers about the risks that different levels of climate change pose for ecosystems.
"There's no question that a climate in which every summer is hotter than the hottest of the last 20 years poses real risks for ecosystems across the globe," Diffenbaugh said. "However, there are opportunities to decrease those risks, while also ensuring access to the benefits of energy consumption."
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: LED腐败背后：吃“财政鸦片”步光伏后尘

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

LED腐败背后：吃"财政鸦片"步光伏后尘
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/02/9587EPHB000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 02:43

广东省科技厅厅长李兴华被查后，四处打探消息的各界人士中，少不了很多LED企业。
李兴华与LED产业的关系是如此密切，以至于人们纷纷揣测之后的行业震荡会有多大。而今年5月，广州市科信局局长等多名干部被纪检部门带走调查。事实上，由于掌握着产业补助资金与科研经费的发放大权，科技信息系统已成腐败高发区。这一系统与企业的密切关系也成为关注的焦点。
与此同时，与腐败共同滋生的还有各类骗补乱象。审计署报告显示，安徽省中节能投资有限公司大功率LED绿色照明项目通过虚假申报资料，骗取中央财政节能重点工程投资补助资金990万元。此外，广东雪莱特光电科技股份有限公司骗补345.5万元，广东省东莞百分百科技有限公司骗补23.2万元。
中山一家LED企业销售负责人对《第一财经日报》记者表示，要想拿到政府项目，各家企业得八仙过海各显神通，而政府项目要么三年不开张，开张就可吃三年。
"比的就是谁更受政府喜欢"
广东省科技厅手中握有一笔真金白银用于专项扶持LED产业的发展。在"十二五"期间，广东省财政每年投入4.5亿元设立LED产业发展专项资金。
除此之外，广东更计划在全省普遍推广使用LED产品。根据2012年5月发布的《广东省推广使用LED照明产品实施方案》，广东将率先在公共照明领域即道路、公共场所、政府机关、国有企事业单位等财政或国有资本投资建设的照明工程领域，全面推广应用LED照明产品。根据规划，广东全省LED产业规模在"十二五"期末将达到5000亿元。
这些政策无疑对LED产业发展起到积极的推动作用。而为争夺这笔专项资金和获得政府的LED项目，企业们纷纷在一些"太阳晒不到的地方"使出浑身解数。
前述中山某LED企业销售负责人直言不讳地表示，能拿到政府补助或项目，硬实力和软实力都要有，硬实力指企业本身技术是否过硬，软实力则考验企业的人脉关系和政府资源。
"这种补助后面说白了就是两个东西：权力和钱，能同时有这两种东西的企业就能获得政府青睐。当然也会有一些考核标准，但在各个企业都满足的情况下，比的就是谁更受政府喜欢。"他透露，要申请补助，第一步就是跟主管部门的负责人先对接上。
事实上，有的企业项目做得很差，但是跟政府关系好，会吹牛，就能拿得到几千万的政府补助，而实际上这家企业的技术已经被市场淘汰了，根本没办法在行业内推广开来。
一位LED业内资深人士对本报记者表示，广东有超过6000家LED企业，大概只有2%～3%可以拿到补助，其中多为上市公司、国有企业。
中山这家LED企业的业务中，来自政府的项目占了三成。这位负责人告诉本报，政府项目一般来说项目规模和利润都更为可观，因此竞争非常激烈。每次竞标，符合资质的十几二十家企业全都会来。而实际上最终的获胜者，大多数时候都已经内定了。
至于怎么拿到项目，"八仙过海各显神通，"这位负责人略带神秘地说，根据不同的对象，操作手法也不一样。不过他承认，肯定要给重要关节的人物一些好处费，但具体多少他不愿透露。
至于怎么维持与政府的关系？这位负责人表示，吃饭喝酒都是浅层的交道，关系不需要去维持，"只要有共同的利益"。而中标的企业拿到工程款后，会先算一笔账，明的暗的已经花去的开销都算一算，然后再刨去利润，最后剩下的才用到工程上。
LED走下神坛
基于节能减排的考虑，中国政府将LED作为自己大力扶持的产业之一。
中国政府制定了一个明确的目标，到2015年LED要占到国内照明市场份额的30%，是目前水平的三倍多。官方估计，这每年可节省3500万吨的煤炭消耗量。
业内人士称，同一瓦数的LED灯节约的效能是普通钠灯的8倍，是普通节能灯的3倍，成本则是钠灯的4倍，节能灯的2~3倍。
另有数据显示：如果中国一半的照明灯都采用LED灯，每年节省下来的电量相当于全球最大水电站——三峡大坝年发电量的2.5倍。
但对于LED是否真的如此节能，也有不同的意见。
广东省广电集团总经济师辛瀑就表示，在同样照明强度下，LED路灯其实并不比高压钠灯更节能。再加上目前各个厂家LED灯的规格差别很大，一旦维护更换会很麻烦。因为它不像高压钠灯一样已经完全标准化，原有的灯泡坏了之后很容易买到替换的产品。
不少业内人士认为，LED确实节能，但是未必环保。因为LED灯整体生产过程可能相当耗能。如果将生产及回收废弃的过程当中所需耗费的能源一起计算，反而高于一般电灯泡。
在7月31日的广东省人大分组讨论会上，一名广东省人大代表明确反对把"认真实施公共照明领域推广使用LED照明产品方案"写进发改委的报告中，他表示，政府如果要支持，就支持研发环节，而不要支持产品的推广。
"推广交给市场，让市场去选择，市场是最会选择的。"这位人大代表说，政府强势出钱推广，很容易失误。
上述LED业内资深人士也表示，政府补贴对行业本身来说未必是一件好事，有时候会影响市场发挥其正常的排毒机能。
上述中山LED企业销售负责人说，目前LED行业还处于起步阶段，价格体系、产品规格、技术标准、行业规范、政府政策等各个层面都还不成熟。
而这个行业显然已经从此前的一窝蜂疯狂涌入变得逐渐理性。随着市场的逐渐成长，一些企业进入这个领域，同时也有一些人退出。本报记者了解到，佛山一家知名LED企业的总经理近期辞职转行当起了大学教师。
"财政鸦片"和产能过剩
事实上，LED行业的不可持续性，主要体现在把财政补贴当作"精神鸦片"吸食，以及企业扎堆造成的产能过剩上。
首先，在各地政府产业升级的口号中，"初衷良好"的大量财政补贴投向了所谓的新能源和新技术产业。公开报道显示，LED产业的三安光电和德豪润达这两家企业在2011年的净利润增长率双双超过了100%，其中，政府补贴对于三安光电净利润的贡献率达到90%，德豪润达则为79%。
德豪润达2011年的营业利润为1.46亿元，而利润总额为4.52亿元。其中，约3亿元利润来自其子公司获得的政府补贴以及所得税减免。而三安光电2011年获得的财政补贴涉及总额高达18亿元。
根据审计署6月21日公布的"5044个能源节约利用、可再生能源和资源综合利用项目审计结果"，中央财政2011年和2012年共安排本级和转移支付给18个省在能源节约利用、可再生能源和资源综合利用节能环保类三个款级科目上的资金818.83亿元。其中，高效照明产品推广获得18.76亿元。
与此同时，在光伏产业出现"寒冬"后，随着深圳一个与LED发展有关的规划的废弃，LED产业一度被认为是"下一个光伏产业"。"前三年行业利润可达20%~30%，但现在只有5~10个百分点。"广东中山一家LED产品出口企业负责人告诉本报记者。
这位负责人把利润下滑的原因归于LED产能过剩所导致的恶性竞争。他说，前几年，行业门槛进入太低，一个只要在企业有过一年研发经验的人员，就可以开一个公司。
他补充说，LED入门门槛如此之低，以至于他自己现在都搞不清楚什么是LED。"我只知道，我就是做灯的而已，就像做其他灯一样。"他说，与光伏一样，来自其他行业包括做袜子、生产单车的都进入这个行业。"钱来得太快"，就像他们这样一个在中山的中等企业，一年的营业额也有10个亿。
这位负责人表示，由于申请政府的扶持资金过程比较复杂，公司一直没有申请。"申请的条件，首先要看产能，我们的产能不够大。"他说，"但是尽管产能再大，如果没有过硬的政府关系是很难做到的，你要知道，特别是对于我们这样的民企来说。"

一些业内人士告诉本报记者，如果政府一味对LED进行扶持和补贴，将会导致这个行业步光伏的后尘。"光伏只是一些人在利用新能源的概念来骗取政府的补贴。"中国某家光伏企业的内部员工对本报记者说。
甚至有业内人士预测称，2013年中国可能会有五分之一的LED照明企业倒闭。不少业内人士向本报记者表示，与光伏一样，政府对LED过于慷慨的资金扶持，其后果往往是，造成大量产能的过剩，在产能严重过剩的情况下，行业之间势必产生恶性的竞争，这最终阻碍了技术的创新。
"中国的LED核心技术主要是在国外。"上述中山LED企业的主要负责人说，"对于我们来说，最关键的不是技术的创新，而是如何把产能做大，越大越好。"
本文来源：第一财经日报作者：蓝之馨林春挺
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网易科技频道IT业界新闻: 富士康等被指污染太湖流域部分河流

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

网易科技频道IT业界新闻

富士康等被指污染太湖流域部分河流
http://tech.163.com/13/0802/02/9587FM41000915BD.html
Aug 2nd 2013, 02:44

《谁在污染太湖流域？》报告昨日发布，称富士康等企业污染太湖流域部分河流。
上述报告由绿色江南、公众环境研究中心、自然之友、环友科技和自然大学五家环保组织共同发布，报告称，在对皇仓泾河进行调查的过程中，来自当地的环保组织绿色江南发现，富士康科技集团苏州区两个厂区之间的内河有大量废水排入，并每日通过泵站排向皇仓泾河。所排废水味道刺鼻，水体发黑，泡沫浓厚。现场取样的检测结果显示，镍的浓度达到2060毫克/公斤，超过限值近40倍。
此外，昆山鼎鑫电子有限公司和可成科技两家企业也大量排放污水，污染太湖流域部分河流。
太湖是我国第三大淡水湖，流域内养育了3000多万人口，支撑了中国最有活力的经济中心。但太湖流域内水污染形势依然严峻，其中发达的IT电子产业造成的污染不容忽视。
公众环境研究中心主任马军说，通过调研，环保组织发现太湖流域的部分企业大量排污，造成太湖支流部分河段底泥中的重金属污染物严重超标。
马军称，在绿色选择联盟就IT产业污染开展的前期调研中，就曾涉及到娄下河两岸的企业排污，以及当地居民健康影响问题。为进一步确定娄下河的污染状况和污染源头，绿色江南共22次前往娄下河排污现场调研，最终发现了河底的排污管道。
《谁在污染太湖流域？》称，娄下河两岸共分布着四家企业，其中印刷电路板的生产企业鼎鑫电子和圆裕电子，其特征污染物正是铜和镍。其中鼎鑫电子因规模巨大，其2010年危险废物产生量在全昆山市企业中名列第二位，成为调查重点。

绿色江南于2013年7月15日、16日，就企业周边水体污染和社区投诉等问题分别致信富士康科技集团和鼎鑫电子等，希望企业能够作出公开说明，两家企业拒绝接收，后传真/Email后也没有任何回应。
"太湖流域的污染控制事关千万人口的饮水安全，环境主管部门应加大对流域内IT电子行业污染排放的监管力度，全球主要IT品牌也应与本地利益方合作，推动供应链的污染减排。"马军说。
上述环保组织表示，保卫太湖流域，需要消费者作出绿色选择。环保组织同时呼吁当地环境主管部门加大对太湖流域内IT电子行业的监管力度，遏制企业的超标超总量排放，推动污染者清理被严重污染的水体。
本文来源：第一财经日报作者：章轲
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ScienceDaily: Latest Science News: Long-sought method to efficiently make complex anticancer compound developed

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Long-sought method to efficiently make complex anticancer compound developed
http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/b9OWUjCMz0s/130801142242.htm
Aug 1st 2013, 18:22

Aug. 1, 2013 — Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have achieved the first efficient chemical synthesis of ingenol, a highly complex, plant-derived compound that has long been of interest to drug developers for its anticancer potential. The achievement will enable scientists to synthesize a wide variety of ingenol derivatives and investigate their therapeutic properties. The achievement also sets the stage for the efficient commercial production of ingenol mebutate, a treatment for actinic keratosis (a common precursor to non-melanoma skin cancer), that at present must be extracted and refined inefficiently from plants.
"I think that most organic chemists had considered ingenol beyond the reach of scalable chemical synthesis," said TSRI Professor Phil S. Baran.
Baran and his laboratory report their achievement in this week's issue of Science Express, the early online edition of the journal Science.
An Anticancer Substance from Nature
Ingenol and its derivatives are found in the widely distributed Euphorbia genus of plant, whose milky sap has long been used in traditional medicine to treat skin lesions. Ingenol mebutate, extracted from the common "petty spurge" plant (E. peplus), was recently approved by the U.S. FDA, European Medicines Agency, Medicines Australia and Health Canada to treat actinic keratosis, a common type of precancerous lesion associated with cumulative sun exposure. Formulated and marketed as Picato®, the drug has also shown effects in models and in early trials of non-melanoma skin cancers.
In late 2011, the drug's manufacturer, Denmark-based LEO Pharma, collaborated with Baran's laboratory to find an efficient way to synthesize ingenol mebutate using organic chemistry -- the usual method for producing modern drugs. "At the time, the only way to get the product was by a relatively lengthy extraction process from the E. peplus plant," said Michael Sierra, LEO Pharma's director of external discovery. "We were hoping to get a more efficient synthetic route for production, as well as a method that would allow us to make new derivatives."
Studies have shown that ingenol mebutate, which is applied topically, can treat precancerous skin cells with unusual swiftness, while sparing healthy skin cells. The treatment has a direct cancer-cell-killing effect, and also induces an inflammatory reaction. Researchers suspect that derivatives of ingenol mebutate may be useful in treating other types of cancer, if they can be delivered properly.
Until now, it was debatable whether such derivatives could ever be synthesized. Some prominent researchers have suggested recently that the efficient chemical synthesis of structurally unusual "terpenoid" compounds such as ingenol is an unreachable goal -- and that drug developers should seek biotechnology solutions instead. Even leading scientists of LEO Pharma initially had their doubts. "It was initially hard for me to sell this project to the company," said Sierra. "But I knew Phil, and I knew that his lab could do this."
Achieving the 'Unreachable' Goal
Baran and his team started by examining what is known about ingenol's natural synthesis in plant cells. "A key feature of the natural synthesis is that the basic framework of the molecule is built first, and then in a second phase the important oxygenated functional groups are added," said Steven J. McKerrall, a graduate student in the laboratory who was one of the two first authors of the study.
Following that basic strategy of mimicking nature, McKerrall, Baran and their colleagues began designing the synthesis. They were eventually able to hone the process to 14 steps, starting from a common and inexpensive chemical, carene, and ending with long-sought ingenol. "Syntheses of ingenol have been described in the past, but they all require more than 37 steps," said co-lead author Lars Jørgensen, a postdoctoral fellow in the Baran Laboratory.
The new and concise synthesis turned out to yield relatively large quantities of ingenol, making it an efficient approach to the production of ingenol mebutate and other ingenol derivatives. The two-phase design also provides a significant amount of a key intermediate compound, which enables the efficient preparation of various ingenol derivatives. "We won't have to go through the entire synthesis every time we need to make a new ingenol derivative; we can start synthesizing from this intermediate compound," said Jørgensen.
Sierra and others at LEO Pharma were pleased with the project's outcome. "It's a pretty amazing feat: the total synthesis of ingenol within a year and a half of starting our collaboration," he said. "It's great to work with a research group like this."
To Baran, the achievement serves also as an emphatic rejoinder to those who had declared chemical synthesis a dead-end technique for making such complex natural compounds. "With this study we rebut that argument conclusively," he said. "And there are many other complex natural compounds waiting to be synthesized using a strategy like ours -- this is really just a glimpse of the future of chemical synthesis."
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科技要闻-新浪科技: 富士康等被指污染太湖流域部分河流

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

富士康等被指污染太湖流域部分河流
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2013-08-02/01538598091.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 17:53

　　章轲
　　《谁在污染太湖流域？》报告昨日发布，称富士康等企业污染太湖流域部分河流。
　　上述报告由绿色江南、公众环境研究中心、自然之友、环友科技和自然大学五家环保组织共同发布，报告称，在对皇仓泾河进行调查的过程中，来自当地的环保组织绿色江南发现，富士康科技集团苏州区两个厂区之间的内河有大量废水排入，并每日通过泵站排向皇仓泾河。所排废水味道刺鼻，水体发黑，泡沫浓厚。现场取样的检测结果显示，镍的浓度达到2060毫克/公斤，超过限值近40倍。
　　此外，昆山鼎鑫电子有限公司和可成科技两家企业也大量排放污水，污染太湖流域部分河流。
　　太湖是我国第三大淡水湖，流域内养育了3000多万人口，支撑了中国最有活力的经济中心。但太湖流域内水污染形势依然严峻，其中发达的IT电子产业造成的污染不容忽视。
　　公众环境研究中心主任马军说，通过调研，环保组织发现太湖流域的部分企业大量排污，造成太湖支流部分河段底泥中的重金属污染物严重超标。
　　马军称，在绿色选择联盟就IT产业污染开展的前期调研中，就曾涉及到娄下河两岸的企业排污，以及当地居民健康影响问题。为进一步确定娄下河的污染状况和污染源头，绿色江南共22次前往娄下河排污现场调研，最终发现了河底的排污管道。
　　《谁在污染太湖流域？》称，娄下河两岸共分布着四家企业，其中印刷电路板的生产企业鼎鑫电子和圆裕电子，其特征污染物正是铜和镍。其中鼎鑫电子因规模巨大，其2010年危险废物产生量在全昆山市企业中名列第二位，成为调查重点。
　　绿色江南于2013年7月15日、16日，就企业周边水体污染和社区投诉等问题分别致信富士康科技集团和鼎鑫电子等，希望企业能够作出公开说明，两家企业拒绝接收，后传真/Email后也没有任何回应。
　　"太湖流域的污染控制事关千万人口的饮水安全，环境主管部门应加大对流域内IT电子行业污染排放的监管力度，全球主要IT品牌也应与本地利益方合作，推动供应链的污染减排。"马军说。
　　上述环保组织表示，保卫太湖流域，需要消费者作出绿色选择。环保组织同时呼吁当地环境主管部门加大对太湖流域内IT电子行业的监管力度，遏制企业的超标超总量排放，推动污染者清理被严重污染的水体。
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科技要闻-新浪科技: 姚劲波沉默应对58同城赴美上市传言

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

姚劲波沉默应对58同城赴美上市传言
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2013-08-02/02198598098.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 18:19

　　已转型为本地生活服务平台C2C模式，与对手赶集网争抢上市时间
　　赵楠
　　从传闻资金链短缺到计划IPO，近日58同城被传出赴美上市的消息。
　　根据彭博社报道，国内分类信息网站58同城计划于今年内在美国上市，募集资金不少于1亿美元。而来自投行人士的消息进一步指出，58同城已与摩根士丹利、瑞信等积极沟通，希望与其就上市达成合作。
　　58同城创立于2005年，最早以美国Craigslist为模板，遇上过团购在国内的爆发，后又经几轮模式转型。在演员杨幂高喊"一个神奇的网站"的代言轰炸下，58同城也曾被曝身陷资金链短缺，而如今，上市只拟融资1亿美元传闻，又再次遭到业内的猜测。
　　58同城CEO姚劲波对《第一财经日报》记者表示，有关58同城赴美上市的消息，目前不便回应，以后会有正式公布。
　　58同城一名内部人士对记者透露，2012年时58同城的上市计划在内部已有传闻，近期这种声音更加明显。而在此之前，58同城分别于2010年和2011年完成了两轮期权发放，据说主要是为了鼓励老员工。
　　两次转型
　　成立8年，58同城经历了两次较大的转型。如何突破分类信息的商业模式局限，也成为姚劲波经常思考的问题。
　　58同城的分类信息模式，最初只是将广告从线下的平面媒体搬到了互联网上。但在这个平台上，并没有形成一个完整的交易链条，也没有形成有力的用户黏度，用户只在必要时才会选择登录账户，此外，分类信息模式的信息质量很难有效保证。
　　而58同城，一开始也主要是靠"会员费"和"广告模式"来获取收入。其中，会员费是面向广告信息发布的认证会员，提升了用户对其广告主的可信度；而广告模式，则类似于搜索引擎的竞价排名，发布在最顶端的广告则收费较高。而会员费收入占据整体收入的50%。
　　但这种模式并没有带动58同城的高增长。2010年，当团购概念来袭后，姚劲波借团购业务抓住了融资机会，于2010年底获得了华平6000万美元融资。姚劲波认为，团购的到来有利于58同城的规模爆发式增长，且团购的广告受众本质上与分类信息一致，皆来自本地商户。
　　但2011年开始，国内团购的竞争愈演愈烈，走向了"自杀式"烧钱扩张。58同城的亏损率也持续走高。姚劲波曾表示，如果想要达到整体1亿美元的营收，必须要做团购，但团购在这个阶段是做2000万就得烧掉4000万。
　　2012年初，姚劲波在与投资方的激烈碰撞之下，开始收缩团购团队，采取同样动作的还有58同城最主要的竞争对手赶集网。不过不同的是，经过调整，姚劲波将58同城带向了现在的本地生活C2C淘宝模式，而赶集网重新回归主营业务，突出重点品类。
　　姚劲波表示，58同城的未来方向就在本地生活的C2C交易，用户的需求可在58同城上一条路完成，为此，去年7月，58同城引入支付担保环节，与支付宝达成合作。
　　上市的时机
　　58同城此前一共经历过4轮融资。公开资料显示，2006年2月，58同城获软银赛富投资500万美元，2008年6月，软银赛富追加投资4000万美元；2010年4月，DCM和软银赛富共投资1500万美元；2010年12月，华平领投6000万美元，其中，姚劲波个人投资500万美元。
　　2011年底，58同城获得了华平5500万美元的第四轮融资，而其中1300万美元是姚劲波为掌握管理层的控股权以借贷的方式融资。完成融资后，58同城估值在2亿美元以上。
　　不过，对此传言，姚劲波回应记者，的确有大笔融资。但却拒绝透露其他细节。
　　在过去一年，58同城一直身陷资金链短缺和拟上市传闻。曾有业界传闻称，58同城2011年全年营收4000万美元，但总支出却为1.1亿美元。过快的扩张透支了58同城的运营承载能力，2012年3月，58同城为加快渠道布局，撤销了原先部分代理商改为自建。
　　另一方面，姚劲波也多次对外表达将58同城带入美国上市的渴望。他表示，由于Craigslist的缘故，美国投资者更容易理解分类信息网站，比中国内地和香港更关注规模。而在今年阿里巴巴以2.94亿美元收购高德软件28%股份后，姚劲波谈到，虽然目前互联网巨头战略投资较为频繁，但58同城不会考虑以并购方式退出，并依然坚持在美上市。
　　不过，相较此前累计1.75亿美元的私募融资总额，此次计划IPO融资仅约在1亿美元，是否过低遭到业界热议。有知情人士向记者透露，58同城去年的年营收就已接近1亿美元。
　　一名投资人士对本报记者表示，相较于此前唯品会IPO融资7150万美元，欢聚时代IPO融资8190万美元，今年已成功IPO的兰亭集势的上市融资额也在8000万美元左右，此次58同城的拟上市额度并不低。
　　也有业界人士对58同城今年的上市计划感到疑惑。目前，58同城正在从分类信息向本地生活的C2C模式进行转型，而如果在阿里巴巴的巨额估值后上市，也方便给自己找到一个更高的定价。因为，如果阿里巴巴在香港上市，不会分散拟在美国上市的58同城的股票。
　　不过，58同城与赶集网一直在争抢上市的时间。
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科技要闻-新浪科技: 专访张瑞敏：破坏性创新才是企业家精神

科技要闻-新浪科技

科技时代-科技要闻

专访张瑞敏：破坏性创新才是企业家精神
http://go.rss.sina.com.cn/redirect.php?url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/other/2013-08-02/02258598129.shtml
Aug 1st 2013, 18:25

　　王珍
　　30年前，他用大锤砸掉不合格的冰箱，唤醒了海尔全员的质量意识；现在，他把"大锤"砸向旧思维、旧组织体系，推动海尔向"人单合一"模式、平台型企业转型。
　　将八万员工变为两千个自主经营体，并不像推倒、堆砌积木那么简单。
　　7月28日，海尔集团董事局主席兼首席执行官张瑞敏在海尔青岛总部接受《第一财经日报》记者专访时表示，让每个员工都发挥价值是海尔变革的主线。而建立平台，交互出用户的意见之后，聚合全球资源来加以满足，就好比先种甘蔗再榨糖。
　　"海尔希望以此获得持续产生破坏性创新的能力，最终成为不断踏准时代节拍的'时代的企业'。"
　　动机：
　　互联网加速企业洗牌
　　第一财经日报：海尔所在的白电行业，是一个延续性的技术创新比较多而不是颠覆性创新比较多的行业，是什么压力或者动力促使你不断推动创新？
　　张瑞敏：如你所说，白色家电颠覆性创新不多、延续性创新比较多。但在互联网时代，我们自己感觉到，一定要研究破坏性创新。因为互联网时代，很多家电产品发生很大变化，就算白色家电暂时还没有破坏性创新，物联网也会让它产生变化。传统冰箱必须与互联网相联，这给我们很大压力。在未知的情况下，下一步更有探索空间。
　　再者，互联网时代使我们看到，企业淘汰和更替非常残酷、非常快。最使大家感到震惊的是，柯达是美国文化的象征、有130多年历史，说倒就倒。所以，互联网加快了洗牌的速度。不管你的企业过去多么完善、成功，在互联网的冲击下，可能都不堪一击。
　　日报：你一直身处传统家电制造业，如此强烈的互联网思维来自于哪里？
　　张瑞敏：两个方面。一方面，我和胡泳(北京大学新闻与传播学院副教授)经常聊一下，他的研究比较前沿，很思想开拓。有许多互联网的书，都是他介绍的。另一方面，因为我一直要追求"让每个员工把自己的价值、利益最大化"，那就一定要明确用户。过去没有信息化的手段，真是很难做到；另外，一个终端销售人员，销售多少产品都难统计，没有互联网，你说多少都(可能)是假的。
　　日报：你怎么看待互联网给海尔及中国传统制造业带来的机遇和挑战？海尔怎么利用好这个机会？
　　张瑞敏：这个机会和挑战是相辅相成的，是硬币的两面。对海尔来说，最大的机会，是变为平台型企业。平台是什么？就是快速配置资源。如果变成平台，我就不再只是原来的资源，可以配置很多资源，企业的发展就不一样。所谓资源，主要是人力资源，就会出现乘数效应。
　　但是，带来的挑战与机遇是一样的。海尔这样一个8万多人的企业，变成平台型企业太难了。很简单的一条，人(的因素)是最难的。本来他进了海尔，不能说进了保险箱，也觉得有依靠，但现在有可能会被淘汰出去，或者身份转换，从原来的在册员工变为在线员工，不在海尔名册上。在中国只能慢慢来，就算你看准，也不能大幅度地做，不能像美国一裁两万人。这有一个度，太慢受影响，太快做不了。
　　演变：
　　从创造用户到交互用户
　　日报：你的思维和概念不断更新。从人单合一、自主经营体到利益共同体，从倒三角到节点闭环网状组织、平台型企业。你这些概念之间演变的逻辑是什么？你怎么把握这些新概念推出的节奏，毕竟从员工到供应商、经销商等整个链条上的人都有适应的过程？
　　张瑞敏：有一条主线，万变不离其宗，就是怎么让每个员工有他自己一份。这个从一开始，国内媒体有质疑，说这个做法不符合科斯定律。科斯定律是交易成本最小化，假定你做到了(把大企业变成许多小经营体)，交易成本将大得不得了，因为每个人都要明确用户，而且明确给用户创造的价值。但是，现在可以做到，很重要的原因是互联网。没有互联网，这是不可能的事。每个员工写报告，给你传真……怎么弄？现在，就算在新疆、西藏，发个短信就完了。这个过程中，概念在变化，但怎么让每个员工明确自己的用户、自己创造的价值、自己得到什么，这个不变。
　　随着外部互联网环境的变化，要跟上它。比如，原先是"创造你的用户"，现在是"交互你的用户"。交互用户和原来不一样。原来老是问用户：你看我的产品怎么样，还有什么意见？我来改进。但交互不是这样的概念，不是以你为主来征询意见或组织别人讨论，而是你只是搭建一个平台。所以，我给大家打了一个比方，你想要糖，一定要种甘蔗，甘蔗由糖厂把糖提炼出来。但如果你一看，糖提炼这么麻烦，甘蔗是从土地里长出来的，我直接从土地里提炼糖不就行了吗？你能提吗？提不出来。所以，土地就相当于用户，让用户成为群体来交互，才能成为甘蔗，你再从甘蔗的大数据里提取糖。但你问用户要什么，就好比直接从土地里提糖。
　　日报：这正是我之前有疑问的地方，海尔让消费者参与产品研发设计，但消费者平常都很忙，想买东西的时候最好一看就是这个，而不是你还要问他们需要什么。
　　张瑞敏：苹果iPhone出来之前，没有用户想到有一个iPhone。所以德鲁克说得对，需求在创造出来之前不存在。那用户交互什么呢？他不会告诉你下一个破坏性创新是什么，但他会抱怨这个产品有什么问题。这些抱怨就是"甘蔗"，你提取出来就可以。
　　就像舍恩伯格(《大数据时代》的作者维克托·迈尔－舍恩伯格)说的"大数据不是万能的"。像一个饭店，一天见不到五个顾客，你还分析数据，有什么意思？但现在我有办法吸引顾客，你再来研究什么是他们最感兴趣的，他们在这个饭店里哪个地方停留时间最长、为什么停留时间长。所以，先创造用户，再去研究。没有创造用户，研究啥？
　　所以说，我们交互时，不可能是询问式的。再说，用户都有个人的事，凭什么跟你研究这事呀。你只能找出他的兴趣点，让他去参与，你再去挖掘，"先种甘蔗再榨糖"才有可能。
　　我总结，做这个确实很难，要走三步。第一步能不能自愿交互，找个兴趣点，让他自愿参与。第二步能不能自动交互，不是你组织讨论，看能否出现群体性的意见领袖。第三步能否自我增值，像小米手机销量翻一倍，就有一种自我增值的概念。我提出一个意见，你马上给我实现，我觉得我的价值得到实现，我就愿意再进来。其他人没有提意见，但他觉得这个网站关注我的需求、满足我的需求，也会进来。我们还没把这个(平台)建起来，但希望朝这个方向往前推进。
　　平台：
　　两个上市公司目标不同
　　日报：海尔什么时候能建成你心目中的平台型企业？
　　张瑞敏：我们的战略定了七年，也有可能会提前。我想这不是凭主观愿望。从外部的竞争来讲，你必须加快。
　　日报：海尔具备什么特质，就可以说建成平台型企业了？
　　张瑞敏：具体一点说，我们在上海有一家上市公司(青岛海尔，600690.SH)，在香港也有一家上市公司(海尔电器，01169.HK)。青岛海尔它的平台目标就是成为全球白电的引领者。
　　现在它是全球白电第一(当然今年是，有可能明年就换了)。这个第一，主要是以市场份额算的，但还不是引领。引领不是这个概念。引领就是说，我生产了一个产品，别人会模仿但不能超越。现在我们有那么一款、两款产品推出后，有一些世界名牌来模仿，但太少了。就好比说，巴黎时装周，发布一个颜色，全世界都蜂拥而上。它配置的资源各种各样，吸引全球资源在平台上交互，产生破坏性创新。这个是我们正在推进的方向。
　　日报：海尔电器的平台目标是什么？
　　张瑞敏：海尔电器要吸引资源，让它自转，这是一个难题。传统型企业，比较习惯于我来召集、咨询，重点是我想搞什么，你能不能完成。但平台型企业，应该把资源吸引过来后，完全形成自动交互、自我增值的状况。
　　海尔电器和青岛海尔的目标不一样，中国有很多电商，海尔电器不叫电商，期望虚实网融合。有的电商实网差，虚网很厉害；我们实网强，在全国销售网络有3万个多店，我有配送，大家电物流配送是我们的强项。线上交易、交互，与线下交付，这两个结合起来，所以这3万个店要改造成体验店、配送站。
　　所以，海尔电器平台上各方相关群体与青岛海尔不太一样，不局限于家电。目标上，我们和很多电商不一样，很多电商发展很快、很成功，它们更多取决于价格交互，通过低价来扩大销量，我们希望体现价值或者个性化需求。
　　不管怎么样，我们要解决的是，改变过去平台上交流或者只是互动，而不是交互的局面。这个交互，有时那个群体不用你指挥，它有自己的意见领袖。我们正在探索这个新课题。
　　传承：
　　形成"求变"基因
　　日报：海尔明年就三十岁了。过去近三十年，你不断提出新的管理思路。你怎么样不断改变自己的思维、颠覆掉旧的想法？
　　张瑞敏：我们与国内外很多企业都有接触，很难看到一个长盛不衰的公司。往往看到这个公司今天非常兴旺，明天就没了。有点"其兴也勃、其亡也忽"。接触当中发现，在钱好赚的时候，企业是最危险的，所以我们就非常注意这点。比如，我曾经接触日本一个企业，它说赚钱太多了，过去出差不能坐头等舱，现在可以了；过去不能住五星级宾馆，现在也可以了。这非常可怕，没有危机意识。所以，我们为什么要实施"人单合一"。说白了，钱多不是好事。当你钱多，多到稀里糊涂，一定把你忽悠掉。这是其一。
　　再一个，你昨天成功一个模式，但你明天没有，差不多就失败了。所以，我在内部干脆提出"成功是失败之母"。
　　还有，从个人来讲，我也看到很多企业，迅速起来又下去。很多时候领导人觉得"我一切都是对的"。我昨天对了，今天还对，明天还对。其实，自己觉得长胜，用这种思维下去就没了。
　　日报：我们一直说来自中国的管理思想是否会为全球的企业界和企业家带来价值，你认为海尔的实践和你本人的管理思想，是否能完成这个使命？
　　张瑞敏：从大的脉络来看，管理理论分为三个大阶段：第一阶段是"物本管理"，从当年泰勒的科学管理到流水线，物本管理到极限，人就抗拒了，边际效率反而递减。日本的管理理论开始上来了，为什么呢？它是"人本管理"，一下子变了，强调团体精神、关心人，全世界都学日本管理。后来人本管理不行了，就到"能本管理"，以美国企业为主。
　　我觉得，中国企业在前面这三段都赶不上，现在互联网时代的管理对中国企业来讲，确实是很好的机会。倒不是说中国企业也要创造一种管理理论来引导世界潮流，先不要这样想。这确实是很好的机遇、很大的空间，就看你怎么做。特别对我们这种传统制造业，全球其他企业还没有(像海尔)这样做过。但是，我们探索了这么多，它还没有完全做成，就算99度，还没到100度。很有可能别人借鉴你，一下子就超越了。所以，对于我们来讲，再具体说，你利润保持增长，你的销售也应该上去。有些单位销售也上得很快，靠同质化产品，千方百计地推销。我们不想这样做。现在我们增长还不怎么样，内部定了有些产品不能干。你能卖又怎么样？一定要走差异化道路。
　　日报：这个企业你付出了很多心血，可以说是它的灵魂人物，你之后呢？谁来接班？他/她会带领这个企业不断变革和创新吗？
　　张瑞敏：(笑)这个我觉得形成一种可以求变的基因就可以了。
　　未来：
　　关注可持续的破坏性创新
　　日报：最近几年海尔的不少竞争对手收入增长都比较快。
　　张瑞敏：我们不太关注对手。我在内部和员工说，一定不要盯竞争对手，哪怕对手有什么过分的动作。因为你盯竞争对手，结局一定是两败俱伤，你一定要盯用户，才有发展空间。所以，老子《道德经》里有一句"水善利万物而不争"。不争，就是不打价格战，寻求差异化。像苹果手机，就没有跟对手在低层次上竞争。
　　日报：从全球的范围看，海尔如何巩固自己的行业龙头地位，下一步的战略目标是什么？
　　张瑞敏：我真的在内部没说过，要死死保住这个全球白电第一。即便别人把你弄下去，也很正常。我关注的不是份额，关注真正可以持续的、颠覆性创新的能力。如果现在没有，这是我们最大的问题，有第一也没多大意思。
　　日报：就像《基业长青》里说的，你是想做造钟者，而不只是报时者。你想造这个钟，这个钟能根据时代变化，在组织里不断产生颠覆性创新的产品。
　　张瑞敏：是，我觉得这个是最重要的。不在于一时一世的取胜，就像打仗一样，有时一个城池守不住。所以，要从全局看，哪怕名次受影响，也一定要出创新的产品。熊彼特所说的"破坏性创新"，这才是企业家精神。破坏性创新，我们离这还有距离。当然，它的基础是商业模式，所以，破坏性创新也应该是建筑在商业模式创新之上。你看看国内外很多企业，它没有这个模式的话，它今天蹦出来一个很好的产品，明天就蹦不出。就像绚丽的焰火，一阵就没了。当然，你如果礼花一个接一个也可以。
　　日报：海尔发布了新的Slogan(品牌口号)"你的生活智慧，我的智慧生活"，这句话的涵义很广，你的阐释是什么？
　　张瑞敏：它最大的特点在于，这句话说明，海尔的诉求是变为"互联网时代的企业"。你的生活智慧，我的智慧生活。这里边的你、我，不是"你"就指用户，"我"就指企业，是这个平台上的两个群体。东方IC图制图/张逸俊
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